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1.
Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine ; (12): 659-667, 2022.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-935340

ABSTRACT

Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has spread all over the world. Streptococcus pneumoniae as a common pathogen of community-acquired pneumonia shares similar high-risk susceptible populations with COVID-19. Streptococcus pneumoniae co-infection is a key risk factor for severe COVID-19 and death. Pneumococcal vaccination has a beneficial impact on reducing the incidence and mortality of COVID-19. The vaccination rate of streptococcus pneumoniae is still low in China. Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccination may be one of effective strategies in the management of COVID-19 for high-risk population such as the elderly and those who have underlying chronic diseases.


Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , COVID-19 , Coinfection , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Vaccination
2.
Rev. habanera cienc. méd ; 20(4): e3867, 2021.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1289623

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Desde hace más de 15 años, las vacunas antineumocócicas conjugadas (PCVs) están disponibles en muchas partes del mundo, y son efectivas en la prevención de las enfermedades neumocócicas en niños. La OMS recomienda la inclusión de las PCVs en los programas de inmunización infantil en todo el mundo. Objetivo: Valorar el abordaje ético y el impacto socioeconómico de las vacunas antineumocócicas conjugadas para la decisión de uso en diferentes contextos. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed y SciELO, considerando informes de la web de la OMS. Desarrollo: Está globalmente considerado que para la reglamentación, el desarrollo y el uso de las PCVs,se deben tener en cuenta aspectos regulatorios, resultados de investigaciones y el consentimiento informado (CI) de los sujetos. En el contexto de países como China,la PCV13 de la empresa Pfizer es de la Clase II debido a su alto precio de importación, en otros contextos como Cuba no se ha introducido la vacunación contra neumococo por limitaciones financieras. Los equipos de investigación trabajan en el desarrollo de las PCVs para reducir el coste de la importación de estas vacunas, haciendo realidad la inclusión de las PCVs en el programa nacional de inmunización. A pesar de complejidad cada vez mayor de la investigación vacunológica, los investigadores seguirán obligados a adherirse a los principios éticos. Conclusiones: Es necesario una vacuna antineumocócica conjugada más económica para tener un impacto socio-económico más alto. Los profesionales sanitarios tienen la obligación de ser éticos y rigurosos en las investigaciones vacunológicas. Además, estas investigaciones requieren de la revisión por parte de un consejo de revisión ética a escala nacional y su seguimiento debe ser sistemático. Cabe señalar que los estudios en población infantil deben ser fuertemente regulados y controlados(AU)


Introduction: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have been available in many parts of the world for more than 15 years and are effective in preventing pneumococcal diseases in children. The WHO recommends the inclusion of PCVs in childhood immunization programmes worldwide. Objective: To value the approach to ethics and the socioeconomic impact of the conjugate pneumococcal vaccines. Material and Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out in databases such as PubMed and SciELO, considering reports from the WHO website. Development: It is globally considered that regulatory aspects, research results and informed consent (IC) of the subjects should be taken into account for the regulation, development and use of PCVs. In the context of countries such as China,the PCV13 of the Pfizer company is Class II due to its high import price. In other contexts, such as Cuba, pneumococcal vaccination has not been introduced due to financial limitations. Research teams are working on the development of PCVs to reduce the cost of importing these vaccines, making the inclusion of PCVs in the national immunization program a reality. Despite the increasing complexity of vaccinology research, researchers will continue to be obliged to adhere to ethical principles. Conclusions: A cheaper pneumococcal conjugate vaccine would be needed to have a higher socioeconomic impact. Healthcare professionals have the obligation to be ethical and rigorous in vaccinology research. In addition, such research requires review by a national ethical review board and should be systematically monitored. It should be noted that studies in the pediatric population should be strongly regulated and controlled(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Social Control, Formal , Immunization Programs , Delivery of Health Care
4.
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology ; (12): 1945-1979, 2020.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-877520

ABSTRACT

Pneumococcal disease is a serious global public health problem and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality of children and adults in China. Antibiotics are commonly used to treat pneumococcal disease. However, antibiotic resistance to Streptococcus pneumoniae has become a severe problem around the world due to widespread antibiotic use. Immunoprophylaxis of pneumococcal disease with pneumococcal vaccines is therefore of great importance. In this article, we review the etiology, clinical presentation, epidemiology, and disease burden of pneumococcal disease and the vaccinology of pneumococcal vaccines. Our review is based on the Expert Consensus on Immunoprophylaxis of Pneumococcal Disease (2017 version), the Pneumococcal Vaccines WHO Position Paper (2019), and recent national and international scientific advances. This consensus article aims to provide public health and vaccination staff with appropriate evidence for pneumococcal vaccine use and to improve professional capacity for pneumococcal disease prevention and control.


Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Humans , China/epidemiology , Consensus , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Pneumococcal Vaccines/therapeutic use , Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology , Vaccines, Conjugate/administration & dosage
5.
Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine ; (12): 1315-1363, 2020.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-877507

ABSTRACT

Pneumococcal disease is a serious global public health problem and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality of children and adults in China. Antibiotics are commonly used to treat pneumococcal disease. However, antibiotic resistance to


Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Humans , China , Consensus , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Pneumococcal Vaccines , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Vaccines, Conjugate
6.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 115(4): 316-322, ago. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English, Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-887341

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Nuestro objetivo fue determinar los cambios en la incidencia de enfermedad neumocócica invasiva (ENI), la distribución de serotipos y patrones de resistencia antibiótica del Streptococcus pneumoniae en niños con ENI tras el período de vacunación (de 1 a 7 años) con vacuna neumocócica de 7 serotipos (VCN7) (2008) y de 13 serotipos (VCN13) (2011). Población y métodos: El estudio se realizó en 39 niños con ENI de 1 mes a 18 años de edad en Angora, Turquía. Se identificó Streptococcus pneumoniae en sangre, líquido cefalorraquídeo, líquido pleural, y otros tejidos y líquidos corporales estériles mediante procedimientos estándar. Se analizó la resistencia de cepas aisladas de S. pneumoniae a penicilina y ceftriaxona con la prueba de epsilometría (E-test). Los serotipos de las cepas se determinaron con la reacción de Quellung. Resultados: La incidencia anual de ENI disminuyó significativamente de 7,71 (intervalo de confianza --#91;IC--#93; del 95%: de 1,99 a 13,4) a 1,58 (IC del 95%: de 0,6 a 3,77; reducción del riesgo relativo= -79,5; p= 0,006) cada 100 000 habitantes de < 5 años de edad sin enfermedad preexistente. Durante todo el período del estudio, los serotipos en la VCN7 y en la VCN13 representaron el 27,8% y el 63,8% de las cepas aisladas, respectivamente. Los serotipos en la VCN13 correspondían al 81,8% de los casos de ENI en la era previa a la introducción de esta vacuna, y disminuyeron al 56% en los cuatro años posteriores. Las tasas de resistencia a penicilina y ceftriaxona (en el caso de la meningitis) fueron del 48,5% y el 9,1%, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Este estudio observó una disminución significativa en la incidencia de ENI después de la introducción de la VCN13.


Introduction. The aim of this prospective singlecenter study was to determine the changings in incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), serotype distribution and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of S. pneumoniae in children with IPD after the period (1 to 7 years) of vaccination with PCV7 (2008) and PCV13 (2011). Population and methods. The study was conducted on 39 Turkish children with IPD between ages 1 month and 18 years in Ankara, Turkey. Streptococcus pneumoniae was identified using standard laboratory procedures from blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), pleural fluid, and other sterile body fluids and tissues. S. pneumoniae isolates were tested for resistance to penicilin and ceftriaxone using the E-test methodology. Serotypes of the isolates were determined by Quellung reaction. Results. The overall annual incidence rate of IPD decreased significantly from 7.71 (95% CI, 1.99-13.4) to 1.58 (95% CI, 0.6-3.77; RRR= -79.5; p= 0.006) per 100 000 population among <5 years of age without underlying disease. During the overall study period, the PCV7-serotypes and PCV13-serotypes represented 27.8% and 63.8% of isolates, respectively. PCV13-serotypes made up 81.8% of cases of IPD in the pre-PCV13 era and decreased to 56% in the 4 years after PCV13. The penicillin and ceftriaxone (for meningitis) resistance rates were 48.5% and 9.1%, respectively. Conclusions. This is the first study about the changing pattern of the incidence of IPD in Turkish children after the implementation of the PCV7 and PCV13 in Turkish national vaccine schedule and a prominent decrease in incidence of IPD has seen after the implementation of PCV13.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Pneumococcal Infections , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology , Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine , Turkey/epidemiology , Incidence , Prospective Studies
7.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 21(4): 433-440, July-Aug. 2017. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-888891

ABSTRACT

Abstract The 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) has been included in Bulgarian Childhood Immunization Program since 2010. This study aimed to assess serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of 198 invasive and non-invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae strains that had been isolated in Bulgaria during 2011-2016 from patients with invasive (IPD) and non-invasive (NIPD) pneumococcal diseases. The most common invasive serotypes were 3 (10.1%), 19F (4.0%), and 7F (3.0%). A significant decrease in the proportion of invasive vaccine types (VTs) from 64.2% to 35.2% was found in comparison with pre-vaccine era. The most common serotypes among middle ear fluids were 3, 19A and 19F (5.6% each), and VTs fell down from 66.4% to 40.0% in post-PCV10 period. Among respiratory isolates, the most prevalent serotypes were some emergent serotypes such as 15A/B/C (5.0%), 19A, and 6C (4.0% each). VTs decreased significantly (16.3%) among vaccinated children compared to unvaccinated children and adults (44.0%). Two non-VTs (19A and 6C) have increased significantly more (p < 0.05) in vaccinated children than in unvaccinated patients. The rates of antibiotic nonsusceptible S. pneumoniae in Bulgaria remained high in post-PCV10 era. Among all source of isolates, antimicrobial nonsusceptibility rates were: oral penicillin - 46.5%, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole - 45.4%, erythromycin - 43.9%, tetracycline - 37.4%, and multidrug-resistance (MDR) was 44%. The most common MDR serotypes were 19F, 19A, 6A/C, 15A/B/C and 23A. Our results proved that PCV10 vaccination substantially reduced VTs pneumococcal IPD and NIPD. There has been a shift in the distribution of S. pneumoniae serotypes mostly in vaccinated children but also in the whole population and strong serotype-specific antibiotic resistance was observed after vaccine implementation. Therefore, it is important to continue monitoring serotype changes and pneumococcal resistance among all patient ages in addition to aid in determining the long-term effectiveness of PCV10 interventions.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adult , Pneumococcal Infections/microbiology , Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology , Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Streptococcus pneumoniae/drug effects , Bulgaria , Microbial Sensitivity Tests
9.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 34(2): 133-140, abr. 2017. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-844457

ABSTRACT

Background: Occult bacteremia (OB) is one of the possible diagnoses of children younger than 3 years with fever without source in the emergency room. Objective: describe OB in the era after introduction of pneumococcal vaccine in Chile. Patients and Methods: Prospective descriptive review of data of children with possible OB diagnosis, referred from the emergency department between 2010-2013. Results: Possible OB was diagnosed on 391 patients. 233 had focus, mainly respiratory virus and urinary tract infection. On 158 patients, probable BO was diagnosed, 20 had proven OB from which 15 had positive blood culture for Streptococcus pneumoniae. From these, 7 were fully or partially vaccinated. The serotype was identified on 14 cases: 6 were PCV10 vaccine serotypes (none of them vaccinated), 2 were serotype related (both partially vaccinated) and 6 were non vaccine serotypes (partially or totally vaccinated). Discussion: It is necessary to improve diagnostic methods for respiratory viruses and urinary tract infections and try to expand coverage of pneumococcal conjugated vaccines in the pediatric population in order to reduce the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease in Chile.


Introducción: La bacteriemia oculta (BO) es uno de los diagnósticos que se plantean en los niños bajo 3 años de edad que se presentan con fiebre sin foco en el servicio de urgencia. Objetivo: Describir el diagnóstico de BO luego de la introducción de la vacunación universal para Streptococcus pneumoniae en Chile. Materiales y Métodos: Revisión descriptiva de seguimiento prospectivo de datos de niños con diagnóstico de BO posible derivados del SU entre 2010 y 2013. Resultados: Se diagnosticó BO posible en 391 pacientes. En 233 pacientes se encontró foco, siendo infecciones respiratorias virales e infección urinaria las más frecuentes. En 158 pacientes se diagnosticó BO probable, en 20 BO probada y 15 tuvieron hemocultivos positivos para S. pneumoniae. De estos últimos 7 estaban total o parcialmente vacunados. Se identificó serotipo en 14 casos: 6 serotipos vaccinales incluidos en PCV10 (ninguno vacunado), 2 serotipos relacionados (ambos parcialmente protegido) y 6 serotipos no vaccinales (parcial o totalmente vacunados). Discusión: Es necesario mejorar las técnicas diagnósticas de infecciones respiratorias virales e infección urinaria e intentar ampliar la cobertura de las vacunas neumocóccicas conjugadas en la población pediátrica, para reducir el riesgo de enfermedades neumocóccicas invasoras en Chile.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Pneumococcal Infections/microbiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/microbiology , Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology , Bacteremia/microbiology , Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine/administration & dosage , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Chile , Prospective Studies , Bacteremia/prevention & control
10.
Rev. cuba. pediatr ; 89(supl.1): 172-180, 2017. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1042934

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Streptococcus pneumoniae es causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad a nivel mundial, fundamentalmente en niños < 5 años. En Cuba aún no se introdujo la vacunación antineumocócica, pero desde 2014, con el propósito de sentar las bases para la evaluación de su impacto, se lleva a cabo un protocolo de vigilancia centinela de la enfermedad neumocócica invasiva en niños ≤ 5 años. Objetivos: notificar los serotipos de S. pneumoniae responsables de enfermedad neumocócica invasiva en la población pediátrica cubana, y valorar la contribución de ese protocolo a la vigilancia. Métodos: se determinaron los serotipos de todos los aislamientos pediátricos invasivos y los recuperados de otitis media aguda, recibidos en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Neumococo, del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, entre 2013-2015. Se utilizó el método de hinchazón capsular empleando el juego de reactivos Pneumotest. Resultados: se notificaron 141 aislamientos invasivos en edad pediátrica. Predominaron los responsables de neumonías (76 vs. 49 aislamientos meníngeos) y la mayoría de estos fueron aportados por los hospitales involucrados en la vigilancia centinela (75 por ciento; 57/76). El 85,8 por ciento de los aislamientos quedaron contenidos en siete serotipos, que por orden de frecuencia fueron: 14, 19A, 6A, 19F, 6B, 3 y 23F. La cobertura serotípica de las diferentes vacunas neumocócicas multivalentes con posibilidades de ser empleadas se estimó entre 54 y 90 por ciento. Conclusiones: tras la introducción de la vacunación cabría esperar una reducción de la enfermedad neumocócica invasiva debida a los serotipos contenidos en las vacunas conjugadas disponibles, pero se insiste en la necesidad de fortalecer la vigilancia clínico-epidemiológica que se hace hoy de esta entidad en el país(AU)


Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide mainly in children younger than 5 years. The pneumococcal vaccination has not been yet put into practice in Cuba; however, since 2014 a protocol of sentinel surveillance of the invasive pneumococcal disease in children aged 5 years or less is being implemented to lay the foundations for the evaluation of the impact of this vaccine. Objectives: to report on the S. pneumoniae serotypes responsible for the invasive pneumococcal disease in the Cuban pediatric population and to assess the contribution of this protocol to surveillance. Methods: the serotypes of all the invasive pediatric isolates and the recovered ones of acute otitis media were determined by the national laboratory of pneumococcal reference of Pedro Kourí Institute of Tropical Medicine from 2013 to 2015. The capsular swelling method was used with the Penumotest reagent set. Results: one hundred and forty one invasive isolates were reported at pediatric ages. The isolates causing pneumonia predominated (76 vs. 49 meningeal isolates) and most of them were provided by hospitals involved in the sentinel surveillance project (57 out of 76; 75 percent). In this regard, 85.8 percent of isolates belonged to seven serotypes that were in order of frequency the following: 14, 19A, 6A, 19F, 6B, 3 and 23F. The serotype coverage of the various multivalent pneumococcal vaccines of possible use was estimated at 54-90 percent. Conclusions: after the introduction of the vaccinations, one might expect that a reduction of the invasive pneumococcal disease occurs due to the serotypes included in the available conjugate vaccines, but emphasis is made on the need of strengthening at present the clinical and epidemiological surveillance system for this disease nationwide(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Serotyping/methods
13.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 33(3): 304-306, jun. 2016.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-791024

ABSTRACT

La incorporación de la vacuna conjugada antineumocóc-cica 10 valente (PCV10) en lactantes en Chile el año 2011 ha permitido reducir las hospitalizaciones y muertes por neumonía en este grupo etario. Sin embargo, se ha observado desde entonces un aumento progresivo de los aislados de Streptococcus pneumoniae del serotipo 19A no incluido en la vacuna en uso (de < 5% del total de cepas recibidas en el Laboratorio de Referencia Nacional del Instituto de Salud Pública para vigilancia de infecciones invasores causadas por S. pneumoniae hasta el año 2010, a 12-23% en los años 2014-2015). En lactantes, el serotipo 19A representaba 4 a 8% de los aislados en la era pre vacuna, porcentaje que se incrementa a 25% el 2014. Este aumento ha ocurrido en dos terceras partes de las regiones administrativas del país. Cepas del serotipo 19A de pacientes menores de 5 años, muestran 25% de resistencia a penicilina para aislados extra-meníngeos y casi 100% para aislados de meningitis. El análisis genético de las cepas del serotipo 19A ha demostrado que 48% pertenecen al complejo clonal 320 de carácter pandémico y asociado a resistencia antimicrobiana. Además, casi todas las infecciones invasoras por serotipo 19A en niños se han dado en pacientes con esquema completo de vacunación PCV10. Los cambios epidemiológicos presentados indican la emergencia de infecciones invasoras por el serotipo 19A y la necesidad de controlar este problema con el cambio de la vacuna PCV10 a la vacuna PCV13 que contiene el serotipo 19A.


Inclusion of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV10) in the Chilean infant vaccination Program in 2011 was followed by a reduction of hospital admissions and pneumonia-related deaths in this age group. However, a progressive increase of serotype 19A pneumococcal isolates (not included in PCV10) has been observed. According to the analysis of pneumococcal strains performed by the national reference laboratory of the Institute of Public Health as part of a national surveillance on invasive pneumococcal infections, the relative proportion of serotype 19A isolates increased from <5% before 2010 to 12-23% in years 2014-2015. Serotype 19A represented 4-8% of the isolates in the pre-vaccine era among children less than 2 years, increasing to 25% during 2014. This increase has been documented in two-thirds of the national territory. Aimong children <5 years of age, 25% of 19A serotype isolates from non-meningeal infections were penicillin resistant wheras from meningeal infections near 100% were penicillin resistant. Genetic analysis indicates that 48% of these 19A strains belong to clonal complex 320, recognized for its pandemic potential and high antimicrobial resistance. Among children, most invasive infections secondary to serotype 19A have occurred in patients fully vaccinated with PCV10. These epidemiological changes indicate an increase in invasive pneumococcal infections by serotype 19A in Chile and the need to control this problem by changing the current PCV10 for the PCV13 vaccine containing serotype 19A.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classification , Vaccination/standards , Pneumococcal Vaccines/therapeutic use , Advisory Committees/standards , Chile , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Serogroup
14.
Journal of Korean Medical Science ; : 950-956, 2016.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-34225

ABSTRACT

Although it is well known that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines provide cross-protection against some vaccine-related serotypes, these mechanisms are still unclear. This study was performed to investigate the role of cross-protective IgM antibodies against vaccine-related serotypes 6A, 6C, and 19A induced in children aged 12-23 months after immunization with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). We obtained serum samples from 18 Korean children aged 12-23 months after a PCV7 booster immunization. The serum IgG and IgM concentrations of serotypes 6B and 19F were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum. The opsonic indices (OIs) against vaccine serotypes 6B and 19F and vaccine-related serotypes 6A, 6C, and 19A were determined by an opsonophagocytic killing assay (OPA) in IgM-depleted and control serum. Both IgG and IgM antibodies in ELISA and opsonic indices in OPA against serotypes 6B and 19F were demonstrated in the immune serum. IgM depletion decreased the OIs against vaccine serotypes 6B (geometric means of OIs (GMIs) of 3,009 vs. 1,396, 38% reduction) and 19F (1,117 vs. 750, 36% reduction). In addition, IgM depletion markedly decreased the OIs against vaccine-related serotypes 6A (GMIs of 961 vs. 329, 70% reduction), 6C (432 vs. 185, 72% reduction), and 19A (301 vs. 166, 58% reduction). The booster immunization PCV7 induced protective antibodies in the form of both IgG and IgM isotypes. IgM antibodies contributed to eliciting cross-protection against vaccine-related serotypes as well as against vaccine serotypes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine/immunology , Immunoglobulin M/blood , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology , Serogroup , Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology
15.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 113(6): 502-509, dic. 2015. graf, tab
Article in English, Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-838137

ABSTRACT

Introducción. En enero de 2012, en Argentina, fue introducida la vacuna neumocócica conjugada 13-valente (13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; PCV13, por sus siglas en inglés) en el Calendario Nacional, en menores de 2 anos. La cobertura en el partido de Pilar en 2012 fue > 90% para las primeras 2 dosis y 60% para la tercera. Objetivo. Medir la efectividad de la PCV13 en la reducción de la incidencia de neumonías consolidantes (NC), durante los dos anos siguientes a su introducción en el Calendario. Métodos. Estudio prospectivo debase poblacional en Pilar. Se incluyeron todos los menores de 5 anos con signos clínicos de neumonía atendidos en hospitales de referencia (ambulatorios y hospitalizados) en los primeros 2 anos de la incorporación (2012-2013). Se comparó la incidencia anual de NC con el período basal 2003-2005. Evaluación clínica-radiológica, según criterio de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Resultados. Se incluyeron 666 pacientes con sospecha clínica de neumonía. Se diagnosticó NC en 309 pacientes; 52,1% de mujeres, 70,2% menores de 2 anos y 56,4% vacunado con PCV13; 4,5% (14/309) con bacteriología confirmada (S. pneumoniae: 4; N. meningitidis: 4; S. aureus: 2; otros: 4). Se observó una reducción significativa en la incidencia de NC (por 100000 niños menores de 5 anos) entre los períodos pre y posvacunal de 750 (204/27209) a 561 (171/30 475) en 2012 y 453 (138/30 475) en 2013; efectividad de 25,2% y 39,6%, respectivamente. Reducción en menores de 1 año: 33,9% en 2012 y 44,6% en 2013; y en niños de 12-23 meses: 57,9% en 2013. No se observaron diferencias significativas en las incidencias en edades mayores. Conclusiones. Luego de la introducción de la PCV13 en el Calendario de Vacunación en Argentina, se observó una reducción rápida y significativa en la incidencia de NC, principalmente en menores de 1 año en 2012 y menores de 2 anos en 2013.


Introduction. In January 2012, Argentina introduced the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in its immunization schedule for children younger than 2 years old. Coverage in Pilar in 2012 reached>90% for the first two doses and 60% for the third dose. Objective. To measure the effectiveness of PCV13 to reduce the incidence of consolidated pneumonia (CP)in the two-year period following its introduction in the immunization schedule. Methods. Prospective, population-based study conducted in Pilar. All children younger than 5 year sold with clinical signs of pneumonia assisted at the reference hospitals (both inpatients and utpatients) in the first two years since the vaccine introduction (2012-2013) were included. The annual incidence of CP was compared to the 2003-2005 baseline period. Clinical and radiological assessments were done as per the World Health Organization's criteria. Results. Six hundred and sixty-six patients with clinical suspicion of pneumonia were included. CP was diagnosed in 309 patients; 52.1% were girls, 70.2% were younger than 2 years old, and 56.4% had been immunized with the PCV13; 4.5% (14/309) had bacteriological confirmation (S. pneumoniae: 4; N. meningitidis: 4; S. aureus: 2; others: 4). A significant reduction in the incidence of CP (per 100 000 children younger than 5 years old) was observed between the pre- and postimmunization periods, from 750 (204/27209) to 561 (171/30 475) in 2012 and to 453 (138/30 475) in 2013; effectiveness accounted for 25.2% and 39.6%, respectively. Reduction in infants younger than 1 year old: 33.9% in 2012 and 44.6% in 2013; and in children aged 12-23 months old: 57.9% in 2013. No significant differences were observed in the incidence of CP at an older age. Conclusions. Following the introduction of PCV13 in Argentina's immunization schedule, a fast and significant reduction in the incidence of CP was observed, mainly in infants younger than 1 year old in 2012 and in children younger than 2 years old in 2013.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology , Incidence , Immunization Programs , Pneumonia, Bacterial/prevention & control , Pneumonia, Bacterial/epidemiology , Pneumococcal Vaccines/therapeutic use , Prospective Studies
16.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 113(5): 397-403, oct. 2015. graf, tab
Article in English, Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: lil-757060

ABSTRACT

Introducción. A pesar de que la mayoría de las neumonías en menores de 5 años son virales, en la práctica diaria, frecuentemente, son tratadas con antibióticos. Una regla clínica de decisión (BPS: Bacterial Pneumonia Score) demostró ser eficaz para identificar qué niños con neumonía requerían antibióticos, pero su desempeño no ha sido evaluado en la población vacunada contra neumococo. El objetivo fue evaluar si el empleo del BPS permitía un menor uso de antibióticos comparado con el manejo habitual en niños con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad, que recibieron vacunación antineumocóccica. Material y método. Ensayo clínico controlado, aleatorizado, de grupos paralelos, con enmascaramiento parcial, que compara dos métodos de manejo de niños de 3-60 meses de edad asistidos ambulatoriamente por neumonía, que hubieran recibido vacuna antineumocóccica conjugada. El Grupo BPS recibió antibióticos con BPS > 4 puntos; el grupo control recibió antibióticos según criterio del médico tratante. El tamaño muestral calculado contempló, al menos, 30 pacientes por grupo. Se comparó la proporción de uso de antibióticos y la evolución clínica en ambos grupos. Resultados. Se incluyeron 65 pacientes (33 en el grupo BPS y 32 en el grupo control), con edad promedio de 17,5 meses. El empleo de antibióticos fue significativamente mayor en el grupo control que en el grupo BPS (21/32 vs. 9/33; OR 5,09; IC 95%: 1,57-16,85; p = 0,001). Se observó una mala evolución en 7 pacientes (3 del grupo BPS y 4 del grupo control). Conclusión. El empleo de BPS permitió un menor uso de antibióticos para el manejo inicial de pacientes con neumonía vacunados contra neumococo, sin aumentar el riesgo de mala evolución.


Introduction. Although most cases of pneumonia in children younger than 5 years old have a viral nature, in everyday practice, they are frequently treated with antibiotics. A clinical decision rule (BPS:Bacterial Pneumonia Score) proved to be effective for identifying which children with pneumonia required antibiotics, but its performance has not been assessed in the population vaccinated against pneumococcal disease. Our objective was to assess whether using the BPS would allow to reduce antibiotic use compared to routine management of children with community acquired pneumonia vaccinated against pneumococcal disease. Material and Methods. Randomized, controlled, partially-blinded clinical trial with parallel groups comparing two approaches in the management of children aged 3-60 months old in an outpatient setting because of pneumonia, who had been vaccinated with the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.The BPS group received antibiotics with a BPS >4 points; while the control group was administered antibiotics at the discretion of the treating physician. The estimated sample size was calculated as, at least, 30 patients per group. The rate of antibiotic use and the clinical course were compared in both groups. Results. Sixty-five patients (33 in the BPS group and 32 in the control group) were included; their average age was 17.5 months old. Antibiotic use was significantly higher in the control group than in the BPS group (21/32 versus 9/33; OR: 5.09; 95% CI: 1.57-16.85; p= 0.001). Seven patients had an unfavorable course (three in the BPS group, and four in the control group). Conclusion. The use of the BPS allowed to reduce antibiotic use in the initial management of patients with pneumonia vaccinated against pneumococcal disease, without increasing the probability of an unfavorable course of the disease.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Treatment Outcome , Pneumonia, Bacterial/drug therapy , Pneumococcal Vaccines , Clinical Decision-Making , Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
17.
Rev. Hosp. Ital. B. Aires (2004) ; 35(3): 97-101, sept. 2015. ilus
Article in Spanish | UNISALUD, LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1401201

ABSTRACT

La enfermedad invasiva por Streptococcus pneumoniae constituye una importante causa de morbilidad y mortalidad, y es la primera causa de muerte prevenible mediante vacunación en el mundo, no solo en niños sino en todas las edades. Tanto la vacuna polisacárida como la vacuna conjugada antineumocócicas han demostrado reducción de las tasas de enfermedad invasiva en adultos. En los últimos años, a la luz de nueva evidencia disponible, los esquemas de vacunación antineumocócica para esta población han sufrido modificaciones. Este documento ofrece una actualización sobre las recomendaciones de vacunación a través de los fundamentos que han llevado a dicho cambio. (AU)


The Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, being the leading cause of vaccine-preventable death in the world, not only in children but in all ages. Both the polysaccharide vaccine and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine have shown reduced rates of invasive disease in adults. In recent years, in light of new evidence available, schedules of pneumococcal vaccination for this population have changed. This document provides an update on vaccine recommendations through the rational that have led to this change. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology , Pneumococcal Vaccines/therapeutic use , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Immunization Schedule , Pneumococcal Vaccines/isolation & purification , Pneumococcal Vaccines/history
18.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 37(6): 371-378, Jun. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-754056

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To review data on functional low vision (FLV) (low vision-visual acuity (VA) < 6/18 (<20/60) to > perception of light (PL+) in the better eye-that is untreatable and uncorrectable) in adults aged 50 years or older from published population-based surveys from 15 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. METHODS: Data from 15 cross-sectional, population-based surveys on blindness and visual impairment (10 national and five subnational) covering 55 643 people > 50 years old in 15 countries from 2003 to 2013 were reanalyzed to extract statistics on FLV. Eleven of the studies used the rapid assessment of avoidable blindness (RAAB) method and four used the rapid assessment of cataract surgical services (RACSS) method. For the 10 national surveys, age-and sex-specific prevalence of FLV was extrapolated against the corresponding population to estimate the total number of people > 50 years old with FLV. RESULTS: Age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of FLV in people > 50 years old ranged from 0.9% (Guatemala, Mexico, and Uruguay) to 2.2% (Brazil and Cuba) and increased by age. The weighted average prevalence for the 10 national surveys was 1.6%: 1.4% in men and 1.8% in women. For all 10 national studies, a total of 509 164 people > 50 years old were estimated to have FLV. Based on the 910 individuals affected, the main causes of FLV were age-related macular degeneration (weighted average prevalence of 26%), glaucoma (23%), diabetic retinopathy (19%), other posterior segment disease (15%), non-trachomatous corneal opacities (7%), and complications after cataract surgery (4%). CONCLUSIONS: FLV is expected to rise because of 1) the exponential increase of this condition by age, 2) increased life expectancy, and 3) the increase in people > 50 years old. These data can be helpful in planning and developing low vision services for the region; large countries such as Brazil and Mexico would need more studies. Prevention is a major strategy to reduce FLV, as more than 50% of it is preventable.


OBJETIVO: Analizar los datos de las encuestas poblacionales publicadas provenientes de 15 países de América Latina y el Caribe sobre baja visión funcional (BVF) (baja visión, desde una agudeza visual [AV] inferior a 6/18 [20/60] hasta > percepción de luz (PL+), en el mejor ojo, no tratable ni corregible) en adultos de 50 años de edad o mayores. MÉTODOS: Con objeto de extraer información estadística en materia de BVF, se volvieron a analizar los datos de 15 encuestas transversales poblacionales sobre ceguera y deficiencia visual realizadas del 2003 al 2013 (10 a escala nacional y cinco subnacio-nales) que abarcaron a 55 643 personas de > 50 años de edad en 15 países. Once de los estudios emplearon el método de Evaluación Rápida de la Ceguera Evitable y cuatro utilizaron el método de Evaluación Rápida de de Catarata y Servicios Quirúrgicos. Al analizar las 10 encuestas nacionales, se extrapoló la prevalencia específica por edad y sexo de la BVF frente a la población correspondiente, con objeto de calcular el número total de personas de > 50 años de edad con BVF. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de la BVF ajustada por edad y sexo en personas de > 50 años de edad varió desde 0,9% (en Guatemala, México y Uruguay) a 2,2% (en Brasil y Cuba) y aumentó con la edad. La prevalencia promedio ponderada en las 10 encuestas nacionales fue de 1,6%: 1,4% en hombres y 1,8% en mujeres. Al considerar los 10 estudios nacionales en su conjunto, se calcularon un total de 509 164 personas de > 50 años de edad con BVF. Con base en las 910 personas afectadas, las principales causas de BVF fueron la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad (prevalencia promedio ponderada de 26%), el glaucoma (23%), la retinopatía diabética (19%), otras enfermedades del segmento posterior del ojo (15%), las opacidades corneales no tracomatosas (7%) y las complicaciones posteriores a la cirugía de la catarata (4%). CONCLUSIONES: Se prevé que la BVF aumente como consecuencia de 1) el aumento exponencial de esta afección con la edad, 2) la mayor esperanza de vida, y 3) el aumento de personas de > 50 años de edad. Estos datos pueden ser útiles para planificar y extender los servicios de atención a la disminución de la agudeza visual en la Región; países extensos, como Brasil y México, requerirían nuevos estudios. La prevención constituye una estrategia muy importante para reducir la BVF, ya que más de 50% de los casos se pueden prevenir.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Nasopharynx/microbiology , Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology , Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , India/epidemiology , Pneumococcal Infections/drug therapy , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy , Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control , Serogroup , Streptococcus pneumoniae/drug effects , Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology
19.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 32(2): 167-174, abr. 2015. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-747519

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are not frequent in neonates, but presents high morbidity and mortality. In 2008, the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) was introduced in the childhood vaccination schedule and then replaced by 13-valent PCV in 2010. First dose is given at 2 months of age. Protection of neonates is expected with universal vaccination. Objective: To describe the clinical presentation, microbiology and outcome of neonates with pneumococcal invasive infections (PII) detected in two hospitals in Uruguay in 2001-2007 (pre-vaccination), 2008 (intervention) and 2009-2013 (post-vaccination). Methods: A descriptive, retrospective study was done at Pereira Rossell Hospital and Paysandú Hospital. All isolates of S. pneumoniae obtained from normally sterile fluids were included. Data were obtained from the clinical records and the microbiology laboratory. A statistical analysis with absolute frequencies, relative, rates and relative risk was performed. Results: 25 neonates were enrolled with diagnosis of: sepsis (n = 13), meningitis (n = 9), bacteremia (n = 1), pneumonia with empyema (n = 1) and pneumonia (n = 1). The incidence of PII in the prevaccination period was 19/25, with a rate of 0.30/1,000 births, compared to post-vaccination rate of 0.04/1,000. The relative risk was 5.9. 6/20 (30%) cases of death were reported (meningitis n = 3; sepsis n = 2; empyema n = 1). Most common serotypes were 5 and 1 (14/25) and 24/25 strains were susceptible to penicillin. Discussion: The symptoms were indistinguishable to infections caused by other pathogens. PII cases decreased and no deaths occurred in the post-vaccination period. No increase in non-vaccine serotypes was observed.


Introducción: Streptococcus pneumoniae infrecuentemente produce infecciones en recién nacidos (RN), presentando elevada morbi-mortalidad. En Uruguay, en 2008 se incorporó al calendario de inmunizaciones infantil la vacuna conjugada neumocóccica (VCN) 7 valente, (sustituída por VCN13 en 2010). La vacunación comienza a los dos meses de vida. Se espera que la vacunación universal tenga impacto en la protección de RN. Objetivo: Describir la presentación clínica, microbiología y evolución de RN con enfermedad neumocóccica invasora (ENI), identificados en dos hospitales de Uruguay, años 2001-2007 (pre-vacunación), 2008 (intervención) y 2009-2013 (post-vacunación). Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Lugar: Hospital Pereira Rossell y Hospital Paysandú. Se incluyeron todos los aislados de S. pneumoniae a partir de líquidos normalmente estériles. Fuente de datos: laboratorios de bacteriología e historias clínicas. Análisis estadístico: frecuencias absolutas, relativas, tasas y riesgo relativo. Resultados: RN con ENI: 25, sepsis (n: 13), meningitis (n: 9), bacteriemia (n: 1), neumonía con empiema (n: 1), neumonía (n: 1). Incidencia de ENI en el período pre-vacunación 19/25, tasa 0,30/1.000 nacimientos; tasa post-vacunación: 0,04/1.000. Riesgo relativo 5,9. Fallecimientos: 6/20 (30%): meningitis (n: 3), sepsis (n: 2), empiema (n: 1). Los serotipos más frecuentes fueron: 5 y 1 (14/25). Susceptibles a penicilina: 24/25. Discusión: Los síntomas fueron indistinguibles de infecciones causadas por otros patógenos. Disminuyeron los casos de ENI y no ocurrieron fallecimientos en el período post-vacunación. No aumentaron los serotipos no vacunales.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine/administration & dosage , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Pneumococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage , Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology , Immunization Schedule , Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Uruguay/epidemiology , Vaccines, Conjugate/administration & dosage
20.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 32(2): 211-212, abr. 2015.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-747524

ABSTRACT

La enfermedad neumocóccica invasora (ENI) es la primordial causa de muertes prevenibles mediante vacunación en niños bajo 5 años de edad en el mundo; en Latinoamérica y El Caribe representa una enorme carga de enfermedad. Con el fin de combatir la creciente incidencia de ENI en nuestra región, la gran mayoría de los países han incorporado las vacunas neumocóccicas como estrategia preventiva. El grupo GREEN (Grupo Regional de Estudio de la Enfermedad Neumocócica) ha sido creado para estudiar la enfermedad neumocóccica, unificar los datos generados por los países latinoamericanos y detallar la epidemiología pre y post-vacunación neumocóccica.


Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is the leading cause of vaccine preventable deaths in children < 5 years worldwide and it causes a significant disease burden in Latin America and the Caribbean. In order to combat the increasing incidence of IPD in our region, the vast majority of countries have included pneumococcal vaccines as a preventive strategy. The GREEN group (Grupo Regional de Estudio de la Enfermedad Neumococica) has been created to study pneumococcal disease, unify data from the Latin American countries and learn in detail the epidemiology pre and post-pneumococcal vaccination.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pneumococcal Vaccines , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Latin America
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